Survey of algorithms for testing AI-driven CPS safety.
problem Testing AI-driven CPS for safety in complex environments.
method Survey of applied algorithms for safety validation.
result Survey of existing tools and techniques for safety validation.
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48 results for “safety validation”
This work improves safety validation of autonomous vehicles by finding interpretable failures.
problem Finding interpretable failures of autonomous systems in simulation.
method Signal temporal logic expressions optimized for high likelihood and human interpretability.
result Our methodology finds more interpretable failures with higher likelihood compared to baseline approaches.
Fine-tuning LLMs improves capability but harms safety, study finds.
problem Balancing capability and safety in LLM fine-tuning.
method Theoretical framework and numerical experiments for two safety-aware fine-tuning strategies.
result Characterization of fundamental limits of safety-capability trade-off in LLM fine-tuning.
High-dimensional models pose both safety benefits and risks.
problem Emergent problems in safety alignment due to high-dimensional representations.
method Detailed visualizations and lower-dimensional subspace projections.
result Dimensional reduction preserves safety alignment while avoiding linear jailbreaking.
LLM safety alignment explained as divergence estimation.
problem Aligning large language models to avoid harmful outputs.
method Presented a theoretical framework showing alignment methods as divergence estimators.
result KLDO method improves safety alignment using compliance-refusal datasets.
SafeML: Safety Monitoring of Machine Learning Classifiers through Statistical Difference Measurecs.LG
SafeML monitors ML systems for safety and security risks.
problem Ensuring safety and explainability of ML systems in safety-critical domains.
method Statistical difference measures of ECDF to detect distributional shifts.
result Approach can detect invalid application contexts of ML components.
The safety and resilience of fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) are of significant concern, as exemplified by several headline-making accidents. While AV development today involves verification, validation, and testing, end-to-end assessment of AV systems under accidental faults in realistic driving scenarios has been lar…
Deriving the optimal safety stock quantity with which to meet customer satisfaction is one of the most important topics in stock management. However, it is difficult to control the stock management of correlated marketable merchandise when using an inventory control method that was developed under the assumption that t…
A Retention-Centric Framework for Continual Learning with Guaranteed Model Developmental Safetycs.LG
A new framework ensures model safety by retaining old model capabilities while improving new tasks.
problem Catastrophic forgetting in continual learning systems.
method Retention-centric framework with data-dependent constraints and an efficient constrained optimization algorithm.
result The method ensures that new models retain important capabilities of old models while improving new tasks.
This paper significantly improves on, and finishes to validate, an approach proposed in previous research in which safety outcomes were predicted from attributes with machine learning. Like in the original study, we use Natural Language Processing (NLP) to extract fundamental attributes from raw incident reports and ma…
Scalable Autonomous Vehicle Safety Validation through Dynamic Programming and Scene Decompositioncs.RO
New approach uses dynamic programming to efficiently discover failures in autonomous vehicle simulations.
problem Efficiently discovering rare failure events in autonomous vehicle simulations.
method Approximate dynamic programming and scene decomposition to estimate failure distribution.
result Increased number of failures discovered compared to baseline approaches.
Study evaluates conformal prediction methods for safety in vision models under shifts and long-tailed data.
problem Safety guarantees of conformal prediction methods under distribution shifts and long-tailed data.
method Empirical evaluation of post-hoc and training-based conformal prediction methods on large-scale datasets and models.
result Performance of conformal prediction methods degrades significantly under distribution shifts and long-tailed data.
Holographic Invariant Storage: Design-Time Safety Contracts via Vector Symbolic Architecturesstat.ML
Holographic Invariant Storage uses vector architectures to ensure LLM safety at design time.
problem Mitigating context drift in large language models (LLMs) during deployment.
method Introduces Holographic Invariant Storage (HIS) protocol that combines known properties of bipolar Vector Symbolic Architectures into a design-time safety contract.
result Closed-form guarantees for single-signal recovery fidelity, continuous-noise robustness, and multi-signal capacity degradation are provided and validated.
CitySim: A Drone-Based Vehicle Trajectory Dataset for Safety Oriented Research and Digital Twinscs.CV
CitySim dataset captures vehicle trajectories for safety research.
problem Lack of fine-grain vehicle trajectories for safety-oriented research.
method Five-step procedure: video stabilization, object filtering, stitching, detection, and error filtering.
result CitySim dataset improves safety evaluations and facilitates digital-twin research.
Safety is a desirable property that can immensely increase the applicability of learning algorithms in real-world decision-making problems. It is much easier for a company to deploy an algorithm that is safe, i.e., guaranteed to perform at least as well as a baseline. In this paper, we study the issue of safety in cont…
Safe-EF improves federated learning for non-smooth, constrained optimization.
problem Federated learning's communication bottlenecks with high-dimensional model updates.
method Error feedback (EF) for non-smooth convex optimization with safety constraints.
result Safe-EF matches lower complexity bounds and ensures safety constraints.
SGPA calibrates transformer uncertainty for safety-critical tasks.
problem Uncertainty estimation in transformer models for safety-critical domains.
method Bayesian inference in transformer's output space using sparse Gaussian processes.
result SGPA-based Transformers improve in-distribution calibration and out-of-distribution robustness.
Safe Bayesian optimization tackles safety constraints in control engineering.
problem Handling safety constraints in parameter tuning of control systems.
method Lipschitz-only Safe Bayesian Optimization (LoSBO) and LoS-GP-UCB.
result SafeBO algorithms can violate safety constraints due to unreliable uncertainty bounds.
Classifier-based AI safety gates fail in self-improvement, even with advanced verification methods.
problem Maintaining reliable oversight of AI systems as they improve over iterations.
method Comprehensive empirical testing on neural controllers and MuJoCo benchmarks, using various classifiers and verification methods.
result Classifier-based safety gates fail in maintaining reliable oversight, even with advanced verification methods.
The paper provides tighter error bounds for GPR under bounded support noise.
problem Rigorous error quantification for safety-critical applications with bounded noise.
method Using concentration inequalities and low complexity assumptions in RKHS, the paper derives probabilistic and deterministic error bounds for GPR.
result The derived error bounds are substantially tighter than existing state-of-the-art bounds and are particularly well-suited for GPR with neural network kernels.
YRC-Bench benchmarks AI agents learning to collaborate with experts.
problem Learning to recognize when to consult an expert in novel situations.
method Validation strategy and proposer-validator decomposition.
result Insights for future AI safety research.
Safe exploration method for RL under disturbance ensures safety with probabilistic guarantees.
problem Safe reinforcement learning in real environments with disturbance.
method Uses partial prior knowledge and conservative inputs to ensure state constraint satisfaction.
result Guaranteed safety with pre-specified probability in the presence of stochastic disturbance.
Theoretical limits on verifying self-improving systems without risking unbounded utility.
problem Formalizing and proving the limits of safety verification for self-improving systems.
method Developed dual conditions and used Holder's inequality, NP counting method, and Lipschitz bounds to establish impossibility and ceiling results.
result A classifier-based safety gate cannot simultaneously permit unbounded beneficial self-modification and bounded cumulative risk.
Two-step conformal prediction method for adaptive bounding box uncertainties in multi-object detection.
problem Quantifying predictive uncertainty for multi-object detection in safety-critical applications.
method Developed a two-step conformal prediction approach to propagate uncertainty in predicted class labels into bounding box uncertainties, ensuring coverage for incorrectly classified objects.
result Desired coverage levels are satisfied with practically tight predictive uncertainty intervals on real-world datasets.
New method improves reliability of object detection models.
problem Lack of reliability in neural networks for safety-critical applications.
method Sequential Conformal Risk Control (SeqCRC) for object detection.
result Valid statistical guarantees for any dataset size without prior knowledge.
Automated testing framework finds weaknesses in deep control policies.
problem Safety of deep neural network control policies is difficult to validate.
method Adversarial reinforcement learning to test and find weaknesses.
result Framework finds weaknesses not evident during manual testing.
RLVR maintains safety while improving reasoning capabilities in LLMs.
problem Safety-capability tradeoff in fine-tuning LLMs.
method Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) and theoretical analysis.
result RLVR can enhance reasoning while maintaining safety guardrails.
Online monitoring system for safety classifiers with shift detection and conformal adaptation
problem Detecting and adapting to distributional shifts in deployed safety classifiers
method Calibrated sequential statistics for online monitoring, conformal abstention for adaptation
result 86.6% valid detection with mean latency of 39.5 steps
Paper proposes a fast method to detect changes in audiometric function.
problem Detecting changes in psychometric function estimation quickly and accurately.
method Bayesian active differential selection for pure-tone audiogram testing.
result Fewer tones can detect changes in audiometric function with high confidence.
Research tackles safety of deep learning in safety-critical tasks.
problem Safety concerns of deep learning in perception tasks for autonomous agents.
method Technical enumeration and discussions on safety concerns and mitigation methods.
result Need for more mitigation methods to ensure safety of deep learning.
The paper discusses safety assessment for AI systems, focusing on machine learning models.
problem Safety assessment of AI systems, especially machine learning models, in safety-related applications.
method Analyzed AI models as statistical models and proposed a new budget allocation for AI safety.
result Safety assessment of AI systems requires a new approach focusing on the model used, not just the system.
This paper compares machine learning methods for recognizing lane change intentions from vehicle trajectories.
problem Accurately detecting and predicting lane change processes in autonomous vehicles.
method Comparison of different machine learning methods on high-dimensional time series data.
result Ensemble methods reduce Type II and Type III classification errors, while LightGBM outperforms XGBoost in training efficiency.
Autonomous vehicles rely on machine learning to solve challenging tasks in perception and motion planning. However, automotive software safety standards have not fully evolved to address the challenges of machine learning safety such as interpretability, verification, and performance limitations. In this paper, we revi…
RAGuard improves safety in LLMs for offshore wind maintenance.
problem Conventional LLMs fail with specialised or unexpected scenarios in offshore wind maintenance.
method Integrates safety-critical documents alongside technical manuals in RAG framework.
result RAGuard increases safety recall from almost 0% to over 50% while maintaining technical recall above 60%.
Safe imitation learning with a safety layer for flexible training.
problem Flexible yet safe imitation learning for complex tasks.
method Theory and modular method with a safety layer for continuous policy, adversarial training, and worst-case safety guarantees.
result Robustness advantage of safety layer during training compared to test time.
This paper formalizes AI safety using hypothesis testing in GenAI.
problem Ensuring safety of generative AI tools that create realistic content.
method Formalization of computational safety through hypothesis testing and signal processing.
result Demonstrates how AI safety can be assessed quantitatively using mathematical frameworks.
Conformal Prediction Assessment: A Framework for Conditional Coverage Evaluation and Selectionstat.ME
CPA framework assesses conditional validity of conformal prediction.
problem Challenges in evaluating conditional validity of conformal prediction.
method Reframes conditional coverage evaluation as a supervised learning task.
result Establishes convergence rates and proves CVI consistency.
A new algorithm for identifying the best arm in linear feedback with safety constraints.
problem Identifying the best arm in linear feedback with safety constraints.
method A gap-based algorithm that ensures safety while minimizing sample complexity.
result The algorithm achieves meaningful sample complexity while ensuring safety.
Safety filter for unknown discrete-time systems with learned models and noise covariance.
problem Ensuring safety for unknown discrete-time linear systems with Gaussian noise.
method Develops a learning-based safety filter using empirical model and noise covariance, optimizing control actions to stay within safety constraints.
result Minimally modifies nominal control actions to ensure safety with high probability, tightening constraints as more data is collected.
Paper defines and quantifies safety risks in deep neural networks.
problem Safety concerns in deep neural networks applied to critical sectors.
method Defines safety property, computes maximum safe radius, identifies new risk class, develops algorithm.
result Method achieves competitive performance in safety quantification.
A new protocol corrects confounding effects to measure alignment-induced activation shifts accurately.
problem Confounding effects in measuring alignment-induced activation shifts using naive methods.
method Introduces a four-variant decomposition to separate alignment shift from template effects.
result Correctly measures alignment-induced activation shifts, recovering behaviorally active subspace.
Study best arm identification with safety constraints in bandit problems.
problem Real-world decision-making with safety constraints.
method Analyzed linear and monotonic reward and safety constraints, proposed algorithms.
result Guaranteed safe learning in both linear and general reward/safety constraint settings.
Failures are challenging for learning to control physical systems since they risk damage, time-consuming resets, and often provide little gradient information. Adding safety constraints to exploration typically requires a lot of prior knowledge and domain expertise. We present a safety measure which implicitly captures…
Safe reinforcement learning tackles safety constraints with linear approximations.
problem Ensuring safety in reinforcement learning without violating constraints.
method Modeling safety as a linear cost function, developing SLUCB-QVI and RSLUCB-QVI algorithms for MDPs with linear function approximation.
result Achieved a nearly optimal regret bound for safe reinforcement learning, matching state-of-the-art unsafe algorithms.
Enhances safety of 3D object detection neural networks.
problem Ensuring robustness and safety of 3D object detection systems.
method Symbolic error propagation, specialized loss function, safety-aware non-max-inclusion algorithm.
result Improved safety and robustness of 3D object detection neural networks.
Each year, around 6 million car accidents occur in the U.S. on average. Road safety features (e.g., concrete barriers, metal crash barriers, rumble strips) play an important role in preventing or mitigating vehicle crashes. Accurate maps of road safety features is an important component of safety management systems for…
Imitation learning seeks to learn an expert policy from sampled demonstrations. However, in the real world, it is often difficult to find a perfect expert and avoiding dangerous behaviors becomes relevant for safety reasons. We present the idea of \textit{learning to avoid}, an objective opposite to imitation learning …
CARL safely adapts RL agents for safety-critical tasks.
problem Safety hazards in RL for safety-critical tasks.
method CARL combines model-based RL and cautious adaptation.
result CARL achieves higher rewards with fewer failures in safety-critical tasks.