The paper introduces bonus-malus systems with varying deductibles for different claim types and policyholder levels.
problem Designing bonus-malus systems with varying deductibles for policyholders of different claim types.
method Introducing bonus-malus systems with varying deductibles for policyholders in different levels and claim types, investigating restrictions and allocation principles.
result Possible introduction of varying deductibles for policyholders in the highest bonus-malus level, considering two allocation principles.
Paper proves Pareto efficient insurance for multiple entities.
problem Optimizing insurance for multiple policyholders and insurers.
method Sum-minimization characterization and pairwise implementability analysis.
result Characterization of Pareto efficient insurance arrangements.
Paper proposes a surrogate model for efficient experience rating in large insurance portfolios.
problem Inexpensive and transparent computation of Bayesian premiums for large insurance portfolios.
method Surrogate modeling approach using likelihood-based summary statistics.
result Reduced computational burden and provided a transparent way of computing Bayesian premiums.
Study of insurance market equilibria with risk-averse policyholders.
problem Analyzing optimal insurance contracts in a monopoly market with risk-averse policyholders.
method Modeling Stackelberg equilibria with a profit-maximizing insurer and a risk-averse policyholder.
result Equilibrium contracts exhibit a layer-type structure, providing full insurance over pessimistic loss layers and no coverage over optimistic ones.
This paper presents numerical algorithm and results for pricing a capital protection option offered by many asset managers for investment portfolios to take advantage of market growth and protect savings. Under optimal withdrawal policyholder behaviour the pricing of such a product is an optimal stochastic control prob…
Optimal insurance investment under VaR regulation improves policyholders' utility.
problem Optimal investment for participating insurance contracts under VaR-regulation.
method Martingale approach for constrained non-concave optimization problems.
result VaR constraints lead to more prudent investment, improving policyholders' utility.
Insurance companies often include very long-term guarantees in participating life insurance products, which can turn out to be very valuable. Under a guaranteed annuity options (G.A.O), the insurer guarantees to convert a policyholder's accumulated funds to a life annuity at a fixed rated when the policy matures. Both …
The guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (GMWB) rider, as an add on to a variable annuity (VA), guarantees the return of premiums in the form of peri- odic withdrawals while allowing policyholders to participate fully in any market gains. GMWB riders represent an embedded option on the account value with a fee structu…
A multi-task network avoids indirect discrimination in insurance pricing.
problem Indirect discrimination in insurance pricing models based on protected characteristics.
method Multi-task neural network architecture trained with partial protected characteristic information.
result Multi-task network produces discrimination-free insurance prices with comparable accuracy to conventional models.
We study the modelling and valuation of surrender and other behavioural options in life insurance and pension. We place ourselves in between the two extremes of completely arbitrary intervention and optimal intervention by the policyholder. We present a method that is based on differential equations and that can be use…
The paper analyzes insurance contracts under distributional uncertainty using Bregman-Wasserstein divergence.
problem Optimal insurance contracts under distributional ambiguity.
method Utilizes Bregman-Wasserstein ball to characterize ambiguity sets, employs robust optimization.
result Derives optimal indemnity functions in closed form and studies their properties.
Research examines GMIB and reset options in variable annuities.
problem Understanding the value and rationality of GMIB and reset options.
method Exploration of various parameters affecting GMIB value and calculation of critical future interest rates for reset option rationality.
result Insight into how future market performance and interest rates influence policyholder and insurer actions.
Proposes GLWB-LTC for enhanced life care annuities with dynamic withdrawal strategies and stochastic interest rates.
problem Improving life care annuity features and pricing methods.
method Introduces GLWB-LTC with dynamic withdrawal strategies and stochastic interest rates. Solves the stochastic control problem using a robust tree method.
result Optimal withdrawal strategies vary over time with policyholder's health status, highlighting the advantage of flexibility.
Limited liability creates a conflict of interests between policyholders and shareholders of insurance companies. It provides shareholders with incentives to increase the risk of the insurer's assets and liabilities which, in turn, might reduce the value policyholders attach to and premiums they are willing to pay for i…
Investigates optimal withdrawal strategies in VA contracts with tax and ratchet mechanisms.
problem Optimizing withdrawal strategies and behavior of policyholders in VA contracts with tax and ratchet mechanisms.
method Solving a backward dynamic programming problem to optimize cash flows from VA contracts, considering hybrid products and taxation effects.
result Tax-shielding effect of the cash fund enhances contract attractiveness, ratchet mechanism discourages early surrender, and cash fund discourages active withdrawals.
Variable annuities, as a class of retirement income products, allow equity market exposure for a policyholder's retirement fund with electable additional guarantees to limit the downside risk of the market. Management fees and guarantee insurance fees are charged respectively for the market exposure and for the protect…
Optimizes insurance pricing by accounting for policyholders' price sensitivity.
problem Traditional insurance pricing does not consider policyholders' price sensitivity.
method Formulates insurance pricing as a decision-making problem and uses off-policy evaluation and stochastic control.
result Neural networks outperform existing techniques for policy optimization.
Under the optimal withdrawal strategy of a policyholder, the pricing of variable annuities with Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB) is an optimal stochastic control problem. The surrender feature available in marketed products allows termination of the contract before maturity, making it also an optimal stoppi…
We construct a binomial model for a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (GMWB) rider to a variable annuity (VA) under optimal policyholder behaviour. The binomial model results in explicitly formulated perfect hedging strategies funded using only periodic fee income. We consider the separate perspectives of the insur…
Paper models demand and solvency for index insurance, combining traditional and measurable index-based coverage.
problem Reducing protection gaps for emerging risks.
method Develops a model for demand and solvency conditions, combining traditional and index-based insurance.
result Deduces a product that benefits from both traditional and index-based insurance approaches.
Automated scoring prioritizes risky driving behavior in telematic auto insurance policies.
problem Identifying risky driving behavior in telematic auto insurance policies using machine learning.
method Bayesian approach using MCMC to model propensity of policyholders to undertake trips resulting in positive classification.
result The approach improves efficiency of human resource allocation in identifying risky driving behavior.
We present in this paper a new premium computation principle based on the use of prior information from multiple sources for computing the premium charged to a policyholder. Under this framework, based on the use of Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operators, we propose alternative collective and Bayes premiums and des…
In this paper we investigate the hedging problem of a unit-linked life insurance contract via the local risk-minimization approach, when the insurer has a restricted information on the market. In particular, we consider an endowment insurance contract, that is a combination of a term insurance policy and a pure endowme…
Compact formulas for evaluating insurance policies' risks.
problem Quantifying demographic risk in insurance portfolios.
method Cohort-based approach with market-consistent valuation.
result Formal closed formula for idiosyncratic risk (accidental mortality).
The study tackles indirect discrimination in insurance pricing models.
problem Indirect discrimination in insurance pricing models.
method Presented a statistical model free of proxy discrimination.
result The canonical price in the model does not satisfy group fairness axioms.
In this paper we present a numerical valuation of variable annuities with combined Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB) and Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (GMDB) under optimal policyholder behaviour solved as an optimal stochastic control problem. This product simultaneously deals with financial risk, mortali…
Study classifies liability insurance policies using machine learning.
problem Classifying liability insurance policies with or without claims.
method Used machine learning models like nearest neighbour and logistic regression on Actuarial Challenge dataset.
result Models accurately classified policies into claims and non-claims groups.
Model detects insurance fraud using social network analysis.
problem Fraudulent insurance claims by exaggeration or intentional damage.
method Network construction linking claims and parties, BiRank algorithm for fraud score computation, feature extraction from network and claims, supervised model building.
result Network features improve fraud detection performance.
This paper aims to review the methodology behind the generalized linear models which are used in analyzing the actuarial situations instead of the ordinary multiple linear regression. We introduce how to assess the adequacy of the model which includes comparing nested models using the deviance and the scaled deviance. …
Optimizes capital structure for life insurance companies with surplus participation.
problem Determining the optimal participation rate in life insurance contracts.
method Adapted Leland's dynamic capital structure model to life insurance context.
result Optimal participation rate is highly sensitive to contract duration and tax rate.
Study mutual insurance market dynamics using mean field games.
problem Understanding strategic interactions and wealth distribution in mutual insurance companies.
method Extended mean field game framework, mean field forward-backward stochastic differential equations (MF-FBSDE), deep BSDE algorithm.
result Established global-in-time existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium strategy.
In this paper we explore an identity in distribution of hitting times of a finite variation process (Yor's process) and a diffusion process (geometric Brownian motion with affine drift), which arise from various applications in financial mathematics. As a result, we provide analytical solutions to the fair charge of va…
This paper solves a coinsurance problem using fuzzy numbers and expected utility operators.
problem Formulating a coinsurance problem in the possibilistic setting of expected utility operators.
method Developed a framework using expected utility operators to model risk aversion and solve the coinsurance problem.
result Various formulas for the optimal T-coinsurance rate are derived for specific utility functions and fuzzy numbers. Introduces an artificial cyber lab to test and identify cyber resilience measures.
problem Systemic cyber risks and their control methods.
method Classical contagion models and artificial cyber lab simulations.
result Identified two classes of measures: security- and topology-based interventions.
Defines market-consistent value of insurance liabilities under capital requirements.
problem Value of insurance liabilities subject to repeated capital requirements.
method Optimal stopping problems and backward recursion to compute value.
result Defines the value of insurance liabilities as no-arbitrage price optimally stopped.
This study examines how risky investments affect insurance capital valuation.
problem Standard cost-of-capital assumptions do not account for risky investments.
method Analyzed effects of allowing buffer capital investments in risky assets.
result Decomposition of buffer capital contributions varies with riskiness.
The paper prices a new life insurance policy for couples, considering various contingent benefits.
problem Valuation of life insurance policies for dependent coupled lives.
method Employed the QP-rule combining real-world and risk-neutral measures for pricing. result Explicit pricing expressions for the new insurance policy were derived and analyzed.
Paper models cloud outages for cyber insurance stress-testing.
problem Cyber insurance portfolios' vulnerability to simultaneous cloud outages.
method Modeling and calibrating cloud-outage scenarios, measuring diversification.
result Cloud-outage diversification can protect against accumulation risk.
Develops a unified framework for valuing insurance products with guarantees.
problem Valuing insurance products with guarantees in an affine setting.
method General affine approach to model financial markets, mortality, and policyholder behavior.
result Explicit valuation formulas for variable annuities and related contracts derived.
Paper introduces a new principle for fair redistribution of insurance surplus.
problem Fair redistribution of surplus in life insurance policies.
method Introduces ISU decomposition principle based on infinitesimal sequential updates.
result Existing heuristic formulas can be replicated as ISU decompositions.
Pareto optimal centralized risk sharing with multiple agents
problem Centralized risk sharing with endogenous prices
method Inclusive and fair Pareto optimality
result Equivalence between inclusive and fair Pareto optimality and balanced sequential optimization
Computational method identifies 30 major complaints in GEICO reviews.
problem Analyzing large numbers of online complaints is challenging.
method Topic modeling approach to reveal latent semantic of complaints.
result 30 major complaints in four categories identified from GEICO reviews.
The paper models insurance market dynamics under uncertainty and financial frictions.
problem Modeling insurer behavior under uncertainty and financial frictions.
method Dynamic equilibrium model of insurance market with competitive insurers maximizing shareholder value.
result Investment can lead to lower insurance prices and negative loadings under certain conditions.
Study clusters Kenyan medical insurance companies based on financial performance and reporting consistency.
problem Identifying financial health and reporting consistency in Kenyan medical insurance companies.
method Advanced clustering techniques (KMeans, DTW) on financial ratios and time series data.
result Four distinct clusters identified, each representing different financial performance and reporting consistency combinations.
Study optimal stopping for variable annuity contracts with discontinuous rewards.
problem Optimal timing to surrender a variable annuity contract with guaranteed minimum benefit.
method Analytical study of an optimal stopping problem with a discontinuous reward function, considering general fee and surrender charge functions.
result Characterization of the surrender region and its interrelation with fee and surrender charge functions.
This paper analyzes P2P collaborative insurance products and network structure impact.
problem Analyzing P2P collaborative insurance products and their network structure impact.
method Examined a P2P insurance product with reciprocal risk sharing contracts, studied network structure impact on risk reduction, and discussed optimal reciprocal commitments.
result The network structure, particularly the distribution of degrees, significantly impacts risk reduction in P2P insurance products.
Study of participating policies with guaranteed minimum interest rate and surrender option.
problem Analyzing the value and optimal surrender strategy of participating policies with minimum interest rate guarantee and surrender option.
method Probabilistic analysis using optimal stopping and free boundary theory.
result Identification of an optimal surrender strategy involving stop-loss and too-good-to-persist boundaries.
Auto insurers improve risk assessment using t-SNE.
problem Accurate risk estimation for auto insurance policyholders.
method Combining neural network with t-SNE for dimensionality reduction.
result Visual representation of risk as a 2D surface, revealing high vs low risk policyholders.