An option market maker incurs funding costs when carrying and hedging inventory. To hedge a net long delta inventory, for example, she pays a fee to borrow stock from the securities lending market. Because of haircuts, she posts additional cash margin to the lender which needs to be financed at her unsecured debt rate.…
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48 results for “Funding costs”
In this note we sketch an initial tentative approach to funding costs analysis and management for contracts with bilateral counterparty risk in a simplified setting. We depart from the existing literature by analyzing the issue of funding costs and benefits under the assumption that the associated risks cannot be hedge…
Study analyzes costs of managing research funds, developing a model for optimal administration.
problem High variability in administration costs among research funding agencies.
method Identified standard agency activities, developed a model estimating optimum portfolio success rate and administration ratio.
result Model estimates optimum portfolio success rate and administration ratio based on input variables.
Regulatory-Optimal Fundingq-fin.PR
Funding is a cost to trading desks that they see as an input. Current FVA-related literature reflects this by also taking funding costs as an input, usually constant, and always risk-neutral. However, this funding curve is the output from a Treasury point of view. Treasury must consider Regulatory-required liquidity bu…
Investigates how NSFR affects FVA and formulates FVA as a shortest path problem.
problem Relationship between FVA and NSFR, and optimal funding strategy.
method Formulates FVA as a shortest path problem, calculates optimal funding decisions.
result Provides optimal funding decisions for minimum funding cost.
The paper addresses how banks adjust for capital and funding costs in incomplete markets.
problem Banks adjust for capital and funding costs in derivative pricing, but this conflicts with complete markets.
method Develops a mathematical formalism for managing derivative portfolios in incomplete markets.
result Optimal strategies for retained earnings are found to ensure sustainable dividend policies.
Corrects XVA framework for derivative pricing, including credit and funding costs.
problem Inaccuracies in XVA valuation adjustments for costs of capital and initial margin.
method Clarifies and rectifies XVA framework, presenting corrected formulae for KVA and MVA.
result Corrected formulae for KVA and MVA accounting for costs of capital and initial margin.
Study optimizes dividend payout and funding timing in risky financial scenarios.
problem Maximizing dividends while accounting for random funding opportunities.
method Modified risk process with jump times of a Poisson process for funding.
result Explicit solution for exponential claims, optimal strategy depends on transaction costs.
Unified valuation theory for credit risk, defaults, and funding costs.
problem Valuation under credit risk, defaults, and funding costs.
method Unified valuation theory expanding replication approach to incorporate credit risk, defaults, and funding costs.
result Clarifies the relationship between the adjusted cash flows approach and the replication approach.
Regulations impose idiosyncratic capital and funding costs for holding derivatives. Capital requirements are costly because derivatives desks are risky businesses; funding is costly in part because regulations increase the minimum funding tenor. Idiosyncratic costs mean no single measure makes derivatives martingales f…
Study uses put-call parity to estimate cost of funding in equity derivatives markets.
problem Estimating the cost of funding in active equity derivative markets.
method Develops a method using European put and call prices to recover the implicit discount factor and cost of funding.
result Identifies the cost of funding in major equity markets, showing it is typically around 34 basis points above OIS.
A stochastic model helps maintain insufficiently funded pension funds.
problem Maintaining pension funds that are underfunded and require external financing.
method A time-homogeneous diffusion process with a barrier is used to model the unrestricted reserves value, and a renewal-reward process models the financing effort.
result Expected values and cost evaluations of maintenance are derived, and the approach is applied to a generalized Brownian motion process.
Analyzes valuation of derivative claims with asymmetric funding costs and WWR.
problem Valuing and hedging derivative claims with bilateral cash flows in asymmetric funding and risk environments.
method Characterizes pre-default claim value as solution to a non-linear Cauchy problem, applies stochastic representation under linear funding policy.
result Derivative claim value can be represented as a portfolio of European options and admits an analytical formula involving elementary functions and Gaussian integrals.
The research presented in this work is motivated by some recent papers regarding hedging and valuation of financial securities subject to funding costs, collateralization and counterparty credit risk. Our goal is to provide a sound theoretical underpinning for some results presented in these papers by developing a unif…
Optimizes fund portfolio updates using linear programming and heuristic search.
problem Efficiently updating mutual fund portfolios with various instruments.
method Linear programming and heuristic search approaches.
result Cost improvements over traditional methods.
The paper analyzes how open-end fund sales affect prices and returns.
problem How open-end fund sales impact prices and returns.
method Continuous-time market-clearing model to derive expected-return restrictions.
result Forced-sale pressure predicts actual fund selling and positive returns.
The main result of this paper is a collateralized counterparty valuation adjusted pricing equation, which allows to price a deal while taking into account credit and debit valuation adjustments (CVA, DVA) along with margining and funding costs, all in a consistent way. Funding risk breaks the bilateral nature of the va…
We show how the cost of funding the collateral in a particular set up can be equal to the Bilateral Valuation Adjustment with the "funded" probability of default, leading to the definition of a Funded Bilateral Valuation Adjustment (FBVA). That set up can also be viewed by an investor as an effective way to restructure…
Study benchmarks mutual funds in India using DEA, finding efficiency metrics.
problem Benchmark mutual funds in India based on efficiency metrics.
method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model incorporating risk, cost, return, and information ratio.
result DEA model identifies efficiency frontier and compares results with traditional metrics.
The paper simplifies pricing for equity swaps by accounting for various costs.
problem Precise evaluation of funding adjustments in linear products.
method Derives simple evaluation formulae for total return equity swaps.
result Simple formulae for total return equity swaps are derived.
Adaptive strategies reduce pension fund costs and risks.
problem Managing longevity and volatility risks in pension funds.
method Modular simulation framework with customizable metrics.
result Substantial reduction in pension plan costs and default risk.
Modeling climate change costs with stochastic interest rates shows inequality, but funding abatement can reduce this.
problem Evaluating the costs and benefits of climate change mitigation with uncertain discount rates.
method Amended DICE model with stochastic interest rates and funding abatement costs.
result Introducing funding abatement can reduce intergenerational inequality in climate change costs.
Deep learning predicts market sensitivities for cost-effective index tracking.
problem Costly and impractical replication of index funds.
method Learning to predict market sensitivities using deep learning models.
result Significant reduction in prediction errors compared to historical methods.
Arbitrage-Free XVAq-fin.PR
Develops framework for XVA calculation with no-arbitrage constraints.
problem Calculating XVA with no-arbitrage constraints.
method Derives BSDEs and PDEs for XVA calculation, identifies no-arbitrage intervals.
result Provides explicit expressions for XVA under various funding conditions.
This paper develops an XVA (costs) analysis of centrally cleared trading, parallel to the one that has been developed in the last years for bilateral transactions. We introduce a dynamic framework that incorporates the sequence of cash-flows involved in the waterfall of resources of a clearing house. The total cost of …
Blockchain protocol improves traditional mutual funds with performance fees and investor protection.
problem Operational issues and performance fees in traditional mutual funds.
method Developed a blockchain protocol that integrates features of mutual funds and hedge funds.
result Blockchain can simplify performance fee calculations and protect investors.
Agent optimizes perpetual contract liquidation with transaction costs and risk.
problem Optimizing perpetual contract liquidation with transaction costs and risk.
method Solving stochastic control problem for optimal trading strategy.
result Closed-form expression and approximations for optimal strategy.
New method extracts stock returns from alphas without combining them, saving costs.
problem Costly alpha combos in hedge funds.
method Explicit algorithm and source code for extracting expected returns from alphas.
result Substantial cost savings (3% vs 10%) and avoidance of noise.
In this paper we describe how to include funding and margining costs into a risk-neutral pricing framework for counterparty credit risk. We consider realistic settings and we include in our models the common market practices suggested by the ISDA documentation without assuming restrictive constraints on margining proce…
Binary funding impacts simplify derivative pricing models.
problem Complexity in derivative pricing due to varying lending/borrowing rates.
method Analyzes the binary nature of funding impacts leading to linear or semi-linear equations.
result Derivatives pricing simplifies when only one rate affects the payoff function.
Credit (CVA), Debit (DVA) and Funding Valuation Adjustments (FVA) are now familiar valuation adjustments made to the value of a portfolio of derivatives to account for credit risks and funding costs. However, recent changes in the regulatory regime and the increases in regulatory capital requirements has led many banks…
Understanding how funding and 4H context regulate crypto markets.
problem Analyzing the chaotic appearance of financial markets.
method Observing interactions between market context and capital conditions in the 4H timeframe.
result Ranges in crypto markets are strategic positioning by informed participants, not indecision.
We develop an arbitrage-free framework for consistent valuation of derivative trades with collateralization, counterparty credit gap risk, and funding costs, following the approach first proposed by Pallavicini and co-authors in 2011. Based on the risk-neutral pricing principle, we derive a general pricing equation whe…
Study pricing derivatives in nonlinear models with market frictions.
problem No-arbitrage pricing of derivatives in nonlinear market models with funding costs, credit risk, and trading frictions.
method Extend nonlinear pricing approach by incorporating funding costs, credit risk, and trading frictions.
result Developed a comprehensive framework for pricing derivatives in nonlinear market models.
RL helps optimize TVS fund composition for volatility control.
problem Optimizing fund composition for target volatility strategy under uncertainty.
method Derive analytical solution for Black-Scholes model, use RL for local volatility model.
result RL agents' performance matches BS strategy in LV model.
We present a dialogue on Funding Costs and Counterparty Credit Risk modeling, inclusive of collateral, wrong way risk, gap risk and possible Central Clearing implementation through CCPs. This framework is important following the fact that derivatives valuation and risk analysis has moved from exotic derivatives managed…
A Case for AXIq-fin.RM
AXI assesses bank funding costs transparently, improving loan pricing and reducing financial risk.
problem Lack of credit-sensitive funding benchmarks after LIBOR transition.
method AXI aggregates unsecured funding transactions across maturities, producing a daily credit spread.
result AXI correlates with financial conditions and market stress, reducing funding risk and offering spread discounts.
Algorithm selects profitable portfolio parameters from stock patterns.
problem Optimizing portfolio selection with zero transaction costs.
method Adversarial learning approach with pattern matching for efficient portfolio selection.
result Zero-cost portfolio selection with pattern matching outperforms standard methods.
Robust HVA adjusts deep hedging policies for market frictions and transaction costs.
problem Ensuring deep hedging policies are financially feasible under market frictions and transaction costs.
method Applying a robust hedging valuation adjustment (HVA) post-training to evaluate and adjust policies for funding and margin add-ons.
result A single HVA computation provides a consistent reserve for funding and margin, improving financial feasibility of deep hedging policies.
We illustrate a problem in the self-financing condition used in the papers "Funding beyond discounting: collateral agreements and derivatives pricing" (Risk Magazine, February 2010) and "Partial Differential Equation Representations of Derivatives with Counterparty Risk and Funding Costs" (The Journal of Credit Risk, 2…
Is the large influence that mutual funds assert on the U.S. financial system spread across many funds, or is it is concentrated in only a few? We argue that the dominant economic factor that determines this is market efficiency, which dictates that fund performance is size independent and fund growth is essentially ran…
The study calculates securities lending haircuts and indemnification costs.
problem Managing borrower default risk in securities markets.
method Repo haircut model applied to securities lending transactions; quantifies haircuts and indemnification costs.
result Computed borrower-dependent haircuts and indemnification costs for US Treasuries and equities.
AutoQuant addresses cryptocurrency backtesting fragility by modeling execution costs and improving strategy selection.
problem Fragile backtests of cryptocurrency perpetual futures ignoring microstructure frictions and execution costs.
method Execution-centric framework with Bayesian optimization, double screening, and strict T+1 semantics.
result Fee-only and zero-cost backtests overestimate returns, highlighting the importance of modeling execution costs.
The inclusion of DVA in the fair-value of derivative transactions has now become standard accounting practice in most parts of the world. Furthermore, some sophisticated banks are including an FVA (Funding Valuation Adjustment), but since DVA can be interpreted as a funding benefit the oft-debated issue regarding a pos…
Research of an optimization model for servicing a network of ATMs and information payment terminalscs.LG
Optimizes cash management in ATM networks to reduce costs and increase revenue.
problem Minimizing cash costs while ensuring adequate funds in a network of ATMs.
method Developed a discrete optimal control model using forecasting techniques and control theory.
result The proposed model outperforms classical inventory management models, earning 30% more revenue.
Perpetual futures offer leverage without maturity, with prices influenced by funding rates.
problem Understanding and pricing perpetual futures with funding rates.
method Derive no-arbitrage prices and bounds in markets with trading costs. Empirically analyze deviations and Sharpe ratios of implied arbitrage strategies.
result Implied arbitrage strategies in crypto markets yield high Sharpe ratios, indicating significant pricing inefficiencies.
The study designs a green investment fund and a hedging strategy for insurance policies linked to it.
problem Hedging unit-linked life insurance policies with an environmentally sensitive investment fund.
method Developed a carbon-intensity-driven portfolio selection rule and a quadratic hedging approach.
result The hedging strategy minimizes the variance of hedging costs, as demonstrated through numerical analysis.
Investigates how rebalancing frequency and transaction costs affect log-optimal portfolios.
problem Impact of rebalancing frequency and transaction costs on log-optimal portfolios.
method Proved equivalence to concave program, derived optimality conditions, tested using intraday and daily data.
result Transaction costs can cause bankruptcy for frequency-dependent log-optimal portfolios, approximating to quadratic concave program.