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arXiv research

A locally-built, LLM-digested index of recent arXiv papers in quant finance, geometry/topology, and statistical ML — keyword search served straight from SQLite on this machine.

168,695 papers · 148 categories

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56113169225 · Jun 202019922001200920172026
48 results for unmeasured variables

New method identifies causal relationships using proxy variables in the presence of unmeasured confounders.

problem Challenges in inferring causal relationships due to unmeasured confounding.
method Develops a general nonparametric approach using a single negative control outcome (NCO) and negative control exposure (NCE).
result Establishes a new identification result and proposes a kernel-based testing procedure.

Unified framework for estimating indirect effects in observational studies with unmeasured confounding.

problem Challenges in evaluating indirect effects due to unmeasured confounding and unethical exposures.
method Developed a unified identification and estimation framework using proximal causal inference.
result Unified identification and estimation of PIIE and causal effect of an intervening variable in settings with pervasive unmeasured confounding.

Develops framework for estimating and improving DTRs with time-varying IV in the presence of unmeasured confounding.

problem Estimating DTRs from observational data with unmeasured confounding.
method Time-varying instrumental variable (IV) framework for estimating and improving DTRs.
result IV-optimal and IV-improved DTRs perform better than DTRs assuming no unmeasured confounding.

A semi-parametric, non-linear regression model in the presence of latent variables is applied towards learning network graph structure. These latent variables can correspond to unmodeled phenomena or unmeasured agents in a complex system of interacting entities. This formulation jointly estimates non-linearities in the…

2018-06-28abs ↗pdf ↗

DCCD-CONF discovers causal graphs with unmeasured confounders.

problem Discovering causal relationships in systems with unmeasured confounders.
method Differentiable learning of nonlinear cyclic causal graphs using interventional data.
result DCCD-CONF outperforms state-of-the-art methods in causal graph recovery and confounder identification.

The paper tackles individualized decision-making under unmeasured confounding, providing a novel minimax solution and a paradox.

problem Unmeasured confounding in causal inference leads to biased estimates and affects individualized decision-making.
method The authors establish a formal link between individualized decision-making under partial identification and classical decision theory, providing a minimax solution and a paradox.
result A novel minimax solution for individualized decision-making/policy assignment is provided, and an interesting paradox is drawn.

Framework uses human annotations to make models robust to spurious correlations.

problem Machine learning models fail when unmeasured variables change test distributions.
method Human annotations to augment training examples, UV-DRO objective for robustness.
result Improvements of 5-10% on digit recognition task and 1.5-5% on NYPD Police Stops analysis.

New algorithms bound treatment effects with unmeasured confounding.

problem Estimating causal effects when confounding is unmeasured.
method Formulate causal effects as objective functions in optimization, using stochastic methods and Monte Carlo.
result Efficient algorithms for bounded treatment effects in complex settings.

(This comment has been updated to respond to Wang and Blei's rejoinder [arXiv:1910.07320].) The premise of the deconfounder method proposed in "Blessings of Multiple Causes" by Wang and Blei [arXiv:1805.06826], namely that a variable that renders multiple causes conditionally independent also controls for unmeasured mu…

2019-10-11abs ↗pdf ↗

New methods estimate causal effects using front-door criterion in presence of unmeasured confounders.

problem Estimating causal effects in observational studies with unmeasured confounders.
method Developed novel one-step and targeted minimum loss-based estimators for front-door assumptions.
result Established conditions for root-n consistency and asymptotic linearity.

Proposes a method to estimate causal effects of continuous treatments using instrumental variables.

problem Estimating causal effects of continuous treatments in the presence of unmeasured confounders.
method Introduces a novel framework using instrumental variables and a uniform regular weighting function to identify and estimate average dose-response functions.
result Establishes the asymptotic properties of the proposed methods for estimating average dose-response functions.

Proposes a method to estimate policy values in reinforcement learning with unmeasured confounders.

problem Estimating policy values in reinforcement learning with unmeasured confounders.
method Develops a two-way deconfounder algorithm using a neural tensor network to learn unmeasured confounders and system dynamics.
result Consistent policy value estimation through model-based estimator.

New method learns optimal policies in presence of unmeasured confounders.

problem Optimal policy learning with unobserved confounders.
method Causal-assisted policy learning methods using instrumental variables and negative controls.
result Policies are ildeO(n1/2) ilde{\mathscr{O}}(n^{-1/2}) quantile-optimal under mild coverage assumptions.

Paper proposes mechanism learning to reverse causal inference in ML.

problem Machine learning models learn associational, not causal, relationships.
method Causally weighted Gaussian mixture models (CW-GMMs).
result CW-GMMs can deconfound observational data for reverse causal inference.

Develops methods for personalized treatment decisions in the presence of unmeasured factors.

problem Personalized treatment decisions in the presence of unmeasured confounding.
method Proximal learning approaches to estimate optimal individualized treatment regimes (ITRs).
result Established identification results for different classes of ITRs, improving decision-making value function.

New methods estimate causal effects through mediators, handling confounding without strict assumptions.

problem Estimating causal effects through mediators while accounting for unmeasured confounding.
method Developed four nonparametric identification strategies using proximal confounding bridge functions, efficient influence function, and quadruply robust estimator. Proposed proximal debiased machine learning approach for high-dimensional nuisance parameters.
result Achieved n\sqrt{n}-consistency and asymptotic normality for path-specific effect estimation.

Paper tackles RL with continuous actions and unmeasured confounders.

problem Offline policy learning with continuous actions and unmeasured confounders.
method Developed a novel identification result and a minimax estimator for nonparametric policy value estimation.
result Introduced a policy-gradient-based algorithm to identify the optimal policy.

We show that every auto-homeomorphism of the unmeasured lamination space of an orientable surface of finite type is induced by a unique extended mapping class unless the surface is a sphere with at most four punctures or a torus with at most two punctures or a closed surface of genus 2.

2011-12-28abs ↗pdf ↗

Algorithm detects unmeasured confounding in observational data.

problem Estimating treatment effects in observational studies with untestable conditions.
method Two-stage procedure that detects dependencies between causal mechanisms.
result Algorithm efficiently detects confounding on simulated and semi-synthetic data.

Sharp bounds on ATE with unmeasured confounders, valid even when misspecified.

problem Bounding average treatment effects with unmeasured confounders.
method Distributionally robust optimization, double sharpness, double validity.
result Proposes estimators with robustness properties for valid bounds.

Instrumental variable (IV) regression is a strategy for learning causal relationships in observational data. If measurements of input X and output Y are confounded, the causal relationship can nonetheless be identified if an instrumental variable Z is available that influences X directly, but is conditionally independe…

2019-06-01abs ↗pdf ↗

A semi-parametric, non-linear regression model in the presence of latent variables is introduced. These latent variables can correspond to unmodeled phenomena or unmeasured agents in a complex networked system. This new formulation allows joint estimation of certain non-linearities in the system, the direct interaction…

2017-05-09abs ↗pdf ↗

Causal approaches to fairness have seen substantial recent interest, both from the machine learning community and from wider parties interested in ethical prediction algorithms. In no small part, this has been due to the fact that causal models allow one to simultaneously leverage data and expert knowledge to remove di…

2019-07-01abs ↗pdf ↗

Paper develops a method to estimate value of a policy in confounded MDPs.

problem Estimating value of a policy in the presence of unmeasured confounders.
method Uses auxiliary variables to identify target policy's value in a confounded MDP.
result Develops an off-policy value estimator robust to model misspecification.

New method for evaluating policies in complex decision-making models with hidden variables.

problem Evaluating policies in partially observable Markov decision processes with hidden confounders.
method Introduces novel identification methods and minimax estimation techniques for linking target policy's value and observed data distribution.
result Proposes three estimators for off-policy evaluation in POMDPs with latent confounders, demonstrating their effectiveness through nonasymptotic and asymptotic analysis.

Kernel methods identify treatment effects with unobserved confounding using negative controls.

problem Learning causal relationships with unmeasured confounding.
method Kernel ridge regression algorithms for nonparametric treatment effects.
result Uniform consistency and finite sample rates of convergence proved.

Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) (Chipman et. al., 2010) is a powerful predictive model that often outperforms alternative models at out-of-sample prediction. BART is especially well-suited to settings with unstructured predictor variables and substantial sources of unmeasured variation as is typical in the so…

2018-10-04abs ↗pdf ↗

Proposes a method to explain black-box models using causal learning.

problem Existing explainability methods focus on micro-level inputs, not interpretable features.
method Learns causal graphical representations to differentiate between causal and confounding influences.
result Graphs can differentiate between interpretable and confounding features.

New algorithm speeds up fitting GLLVMs to large datasets.

problem Efficiently fitting GLLVMs to large datasets with thousands of observations.
method Approximate model using penalized quasi-likelihood, then use Newton method and Fisher scoring.
result Significantly faster and more stable than previous methods, enabling fits to larger matrices.

DIV estimates entire interventional distribution using generative modeling.

problem Estimating entire interventional distribution in presence of unmeasured confounding.
method Distributional Instrumental Variable (DIV) using generative modeling.
result DIV identifies causal effects under 'under-identified' cases, improving over existing IV approaches.

Recent attempts to achieve fairness in predictive models focus on the balance between fairness and accuracy. In sensitive applications such as healthcare or criminal justice, this trade-off is often undesirable as any increase in prediction error could have devastating consequences. In this work, we argue that the fair…

2018-05-30abs ↗pdf ↗

In many applications of finance, biology and sociology, complex systems involve entities interacting with each other. These processes have the peculiarity of evolving over time and of comprising latent factors, which influence the system without being explicitly measured. In this work we present latent variable time-va…

2018-02-12abs ↗pdf ↗

Simulation study evaluates causal ML models under confounding violations.

problem Assessing conditional exchangeability in causal machine learning models.
method Simulation study with varying confounding, sample size, and NCO structures.
result Causal ML models fail to recover true treatment effect heterogeneity under violations of conditional exchangeability.