arXiv research

Study exact Lagrangian cobordisms in cotangent bundles, proving bounds on sheaf interleaving distance and shadow distance.

New invariants for singular knots and links defined using shadow structures.

Special shadow-complexity equals k+1 for k copies of S1×S3.

New invariant measures complexity of 2-knots in 4D space.

A shadow diagram is a knot diagram with under-over information omitted; a shadow movie is a sequence of shadow diagrams related by shadow Reidemeister moves. We show that not every shadow movie arises as the shadow of a Reidemeister movie, meaning a sequence of classical knot diagrams related by classical Reidemeister …

Paper studies knotoid chirality using shadow quandle colorings and invariants.

The average shadowing property is considered for set-valued dynamical systems, generated by parameterized IFS, which are uniformly contracting, or conjugacy, or products of such ones. We also prove that if a continuous surjective IFS F on a compact metric space X has the aver- age shadowing property, then every point x…

Paper optimizes trading strategies by creating shadow prices for markets with transaction costs.

We construct elements of the third quandle homology groups of knot quandles, which are called the shadow fundamental classes. They play the same roles for the shadow quandle cocycle invariants of knots as the fundamental classes of knot quandles does for the quandle cocycle invariants. As an application of the shadow f…

The paper presents fundamental groups of complements of shadows in 4-balls.

An asset network systemic risk (ANWSER) model is presented to investigate the impact of how shadow banks are intermingled in a financial system on the severity of financial contagion. Particularly, the focus of this study is the impact of the following three representative topologies of an interbank loan network betwee…

Study on inflection points of plane curve shadows with fixed embedded shapes.

We introduce an associative algebra Z[X,S] associated to a birack shadow and define enhancements of the birack counting invariant for classical knots and links via representations of Z[X,S] known as shadow modules. We provide examples which demonstrate that the shadow module enhanced invariants are not determined by th…

New forms generalize Whitney forms with rational coefficients for numerical analysis.

Study of quandle coloring quivers with dihedral quandles.

We define and study branched shadows of 4-manifolds as a combination of branched spines of 3-manifolds and Turaev's shadows. We use these objects to combinatorially represent 4-manifolds equipped with $Spin^c$-structures and homotopy classes of almost complex structures. We then use branched shadows to study complex 4-…

In this paper we find infinitely many Mazur type manifolds and corks with shadow complexity one among the 4-manifolds constructed from contractible special polyhedra having one true vertex by using the notion of Turaev's shadow. We also find such manifolds among 4-manifolds constructed from Bing's house. Our manifolds …

Prove a global shadow lemma for Patterson-Sullivan measures associated with relatively Morse subgroups in higher-rank semisimple Lie groups.

We introduce a topological combinatorial game called the Link Smoothing Game. The game is played on the shadow of a link diagram and legal moves consist of smoothing precrossings. One player's goal is to keep the diagram connected while the other player's goal is to disconnect the shadow. We make significant progress t…

The paper studies dynamical properties in semigroups modulo ideals.

For portfolio choice problems with proportional transaction costs, we discuss whether or not there exists a "shadow price", i.e., a least favorable frictionless market extension leading to the same optimal strategy and utility. By means of an explicit counter-example, we show that shadow prices may fail to exist even i…

We show that for each even integer $m\ge 2$, every reduced shadow with sufficiently many crossings is a shadow of a torus knot T(2,m+1), or of a twist knot $T_m$, or of a connected sum of $m$ trefoil knots.

A rack shadow is a set X with a rack action by a rack R, analogous to a vector space over a field. We use shadow colorings of classical link diagrams to define enhanced rack counting invariants and show that the enhanced invariants are stronger than unenhanced counting invariants.

We give a self-contained introduction to the theory of Turaev's shadows as a tool to study 3 and 4-manifolds. The goal of the present paper twofold: on one side it is intended to be a shortcut to a basic use of the theory of shadows, on the other side it gives a sketchy overview of some of the recent results on shadows…

This paper compares classical shadows and direct quantum measurement for efficient information extraction.

Given a shadow biquandle $(B,X)$ composed of a biquandle $B$ and a strongly connected $B$-set $X$, we have a local biquandle structure on $X$. The (co)homology groups of such shadow biquandles are isomorphic to those of the corresponding local biquandles. Moreover, cocycle invariants, of oriented links and oriented sur…

Study verifies asymptotic expansion for Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants of fundamental shadow link pairs.

We define a subset of an almost complex manifold (M,J) to be a holomorphic shadow if it is the image of a J-holomorphic map from a compact complex manifold. Notice that a J-holomorphic curve is a holomorphic shadow, and so is a complex subvariety of a compact complex manifold. We show that under some conditions on an a…

Quantile regression attacks outperform shadow models in unseen class membership inference attacks.

We give a method for constructing a shadowed polyhedron from a divide. The 4-manifold reconstructed from a shadowed polyhedron admits the structure of a Lefschetz fibration if it satisfies a certain property, which we call the LF-property. We will show that the shadowed polyhedron constructed from a divide satisfies th…

We introduce an algebra Z[X,S] associated to a pair (X,S) of a virtual birack X and X-shadow S. We use modules over Z[X,S] to define enhancements of the virtual birack shadow counting invariant, extending the birack shadow module invariants to virtual case. We repeat this construction for the twisted virtual case. As a…

We prove that a closed 4-manifold has shadow-complexity zero if and only if it is a kind of 4-dimensional graph manifold, which decomposes into some particular blocks along embedded copies of S^2 x S^1, plus some complex projective spaces. We deduce a classification of all 4-manifolds with finite fundamental group and …

Study on links formed by pseudocircle arrangements, focusing on three unavoidable cases.

To any utility maximization problem under transaction costs one can assign a frictionless model with a price process $S^*$, lying in the bid/ask price interval $[\underline S, \bar{S}]$. Such process $S^*$ is called a \emph{shadow price} if it provides the same optimal utility value as in the original model with bid-as…

Combinatorial two-player games have recently been applied to knot theory. Examples of this include the Knotting-Unknotting Game and the Region Unknotting Game, both of which are played on knot shadows. These are turn-based games played by two players, where each player has a separate goal to achieve in order to win the…

Neural Shadow-Mapping uncovers causal links in dynamic systems.

In terms of Turaev's shadows, we provide a sufficient condition for a compact, smooth, acyclic 4-manifold with boundary the 3-sphere to be diffeomorphic to the standard 4-ball. As a consequence, we prove that if a compact, smooth, acyclic 4-manifold with boundary the 3-sphere has shadow-complexity at most 2, then it is…

The paper introduces a new complexity measure for 4-manifolds and connects it to the trisection genus.

A shadow price is a process lying within the bid/ask prices of a market with proportional transaction costs, such that maximizing expected utility from consumption in the frictionless market with this price process leads to the same maximal utility as in the original market with transaction costs. For finite probabilit…

Geometric proof confirms link volume conjecture.

We study the geometry and topology of immersed surfaces in Euclidean 3-space whose Gauss map satisfies a certain two-piece-property, and solve the ``shadow problem" formulated by H. Wente.

Researchers derived Kauffman bracket polynomial for Celtic link shadows using two methods.

Turaev's shadow formula calculates the SU(2)-Reshetikhin-Turaev-Witten invariants using shadows, and its expression is somehow similar to a Euler characteristic. We give a short proof of this formula using skein theory. The formula applies to pairs (M,G) where M is a closed oriented 3-manifold and GcM is a (possibly em…

Quandle cocycle invariants form a powerful and well developed tool in knot theory. This paper treats their variations - namely, positive and twisted quandle cocycle invariants, and shadow invariants. We interpret the former as particular cases of the latter. As an application, several constructions from the shadow worl…

Turaev's shadow can be seen locally as the Stein factorization of a stable map. In this paper, we define the notion of stable map complexity for a compact orientable 3-manifold bounded by (possibly empty) tori counting, with some weights, the minimal number of singular fibers of codimension 2 of stable maps into the re…

We consider several natural sets of curves associated to a given Teichmüller disc, such as the systole set or cylinder set, and study their coarse geometry inside the curve graph. We prove that these sets are quasiconvex and agree up to uniformly bounded Hausdorff distance. Furthermore, we describe two operations on cu…

Our purpose is to classify acyclic 4-manifolds having shadow complexity zero. In this paper, we focus on simple polyhedra and discuss this problem combinatorially. We consider a shadowed polyhedron $X$ and a simple polyhedron $X_0$ that is obtained by collapsing from $X$. Then we prove that there exists a canonical way…

Using public data (Forbes Global 2000) we show that the asset sizes for the largest global firms follow a Pareto distribution in an intermediate range, that is ``interrupted'' by a sharp cut-off in its upper tail, where it is totally dominated by financial firms. This flattening of the distribution contrasts with a lar…