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arXiv research

A locally-built, LLM-digested index of recent arXiv papers in quant finance, geometry/topology, and statistical ML — keyword search served straight from SQLite on this machine.

168,786 papers · 148 categories

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48 results for instrument validity

Valid causal inference with invalid instruments using majority or modal valid relationships.

problem Estimating causal effects in the presence of unobserved confounding and invalid instruments.
method Ensemble of instrumental variable estimators to estimate the modal prediction, achieving accurate estimates of conditional average treatment effects.
result Valid causal inference can be achieved with a majority or modal valid instrument-response relationship.

A semiparametric test evaluates instrument validity and complier characteristics.

problem Evaluating the validity of instruments and complier characteristics.
method Semiparametric test, doubly robust moment, machine learning update.
result Validates instrument validity and complier characteristics.

ZNet learns instrumental representations from covariates for causal inference.

problem Lack of valid instruments in observational studies.
method Representation learning approach that constructs instrumental representations from observed covariates.
result ZNet enables IV-based estimation without explicit instruments.

The paper uses graph learning to detect valid instruments in high-dimensional data for house pricing.

problem Endogeneity bias and invalid instrument validation in high-dimensional data.
method Merge variable selection algorithms and probabilistic graphs to estimate house prices and causal structure.
result Efficient data-driven instrument selection and invalid instrument purge in high-dimensional data.

Method selects valid IVs from a large set using clustering and test of overidentifying restrictions.

problem Selecting valid instrumental variables from a large set of candidates.
method Agglomerative hierarchical clustering combined with a test of overidentifying restrictions.
result Achieves oracle properties when the largest group of IVs is valid.

Paper develops a new estimator for panel data with endogenous treatments, improving causal inference.

problem Challenges in causal inference for static panel data with endogenous treatments and confounding variables.
method Develops Double Machine Learning (DML) estimator for static panel models with endogenous treatments (panel IV DML). Introduces weak-identification diagnostics.
result Panel IV DML estimator improves estimation accuracy and delivers more reliable inference under weak identification.

New method identifies valid IVs for bi-directional MR with invalid instruments.

problem Estimating causal effects from observational data with invalid instruments and unmeasured confounding.
method Theoretical investigation and cluster fusion-like method to discover valid IV sets.
result Theoretical demonstration and experimental validation of the method's effectiveness.

Proposes a method to estimate treatment effects using instruments.

problem Estimating treatment effects from observational data is challenging when unconfoundedness is violated.
method Leverages instruments to estimate bounds on conditional average treatment effect (CATE) through a mapping to a discrete representation space and a two-step procedure.
result Demonstrates theoretical validity and reduced estimation variance in finite-sample settings.

Researchers develop methods for causal inference with imperfect instrumental variables.

problem Quantifying cause and effect relationships with imperfect instrumental variables.
method Established a quantitative relationship between violations of instrumental inequalities and minimal measurement dependence, providing adapted inequalities valid in the presence of relaxed measurement dependence.
result Adapted inequalities for average causal effect in instrumental scenarios with binary outcomes, addressing violations of instrumental inequalities.

Aggregation challenges causal interpretation of IV estimators.

problem Aggregation of fine-grained components into an aggregate treatment variable.
method Characterization of conditions for identifying aggregate causal effects.
result Standard IV estimators cannot identify aggregate causal effects due to ambiguous dependencies.

Bayesian method for robust causal inference using many-dimensional instrumental variables.

problem Intractable model space and uncertainty in selecting valid instrumental variables.
method Bayesian model averaging over promising instrumental variable models with weaker assumptions.
result Efficient and robust causal effect estimation in many-dimensional data.

New method improves IV estimation with many weak and invalid instruments.

problem Identification in linear IV models with unknown validity.
method Non-convex penalized approaches, surrogate sparsest penalty.
result Advantages over other IV estimators in selection consistency and weak IV strength conditions.

AI uses language models to find instrumental variables quickly.

problem Finding valid instrumental variables is a challenging and heuristic process.
method Uses large language models to search for new instrumental variables through narratives and counterfactual reasoning.
result Demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-step and role-playing prompting strategies for LLMs.

A new algorithm uses IVs to learn optimal policies from observational data.

problem Learning optimal policies from unobserved variable confounded data.
method IV-aided Value Iteration (IVVI) algorithm based on conditional moment restrictions.
result First provably efficient algorithm for instrument-aided offline RL.

This paper theoretically explains and validates a deep neural network approach to IV estimation.

problem Endogeneity issues in empirical applications, especially in the presence of omitted variables, measurement error, or simultaneous causality.
method A two-stage estimator using deep neural networks in a linear instrumental variables model, with a latent structural assumption on the reduced form equation.
result The second-stage estimator achieves the semiparametric efficiency bound, with a smaller estimation error and requiring weaker conditions on the smoothness of optimal instruments.

CgNN uses network structure as IVs to estimate causal effects in networks.

problem Hidden confounders complicate causal effect estimation in network data.
method CgNN combines GNNs and attention mechanisms to leverage network structure as IVs.
result CgNN effectively mitigates hidden confounder bias and improves causal effect estimation.

New method improves treatment effect estimation in adaptive experiments with noncompliance.

problem Estimating average treatment effect in adaptive experiments with binary instrumental variable.
method AMRIV estimator that balances outcome noise and compliance variability.
result AMRIV achieves semiparametric efficiency bound and is robust to noncompliance.

A new method learns outcome-aware spectral features for causal effect estimation.

problem Estimation of causal effects in the presence of hidden confounders.
method Augmented Spectral Feature Learning framework that minimizes a contrastive loss derived from an augmented operator incorporating outcome information.
result Our method remains effective even under spectral misalignment.

Spectral feature learning improves IV regression for causal effect estimation.

problem Estimating causal effects in the presence of hidden confounders.
method Two-stage least squares estimator based on spectral features.
result Performance of the method depends on strong spectral alignment and slow eigenvalue decay.

New method for debiased inference without assuming exact solutions in inverse problems.

problem Dealing with inverse problems where exact solutions may not exist.
method Nonparametric instrumental variable analysis without structural equations.
result Valid inference on functionals of inverse problems without assuming exact solutions.

Recently the interest of researchers has shifted from the analysis of synchronous relationships of financial instruments to the analysis of more meaningful asynchronous relationships. Both of those analyses are concentrated only on Pearson's correlation coefficient and thus intraday lead-lag relationships associated wi…

2014-02-16abs ↗pdf ↗

Improved IV estimates by weighting on compliance reduces noise in treatment effect estimation.

problem Noisy IV estimates in settings with non-random treatment receipt.
method Weighting observations by estimated compliance, leveraging machine learning for compliance estimation.
result Compliance weighting reduces IV variance, improving precision of treatment effect estimates.

Develops methods for causal inference in compositional data using instrumental variables.

problem Interpreting summary statistics like diversity indices as causal effects in compositional data.
method Statistical data transformations and regression techniques tailored for compositional data.
result Advantages and limitations of the proposed methods demonstrated on synthetic and real microbiome data.

New algorithm learns optimal policies in strategic MDPs with private types.

problem Optimal policy learning in strategic MDPs with private types and information asymmetry.
method PLAN algorithm using instrumental variable regression and pessimism principle.
result PLAN achieves near-optimal policy with 1/K1 / \sqrt{K} optimality.

The paper tackles temporal coverage bias in financial panel data, proposing a structuring framework to correct for incomplete histories.

problem Incomplete histories of financial instruments lead to biased panel data.
method Formalizes the problem and proposes a coverage-aware structuring framework using structured metadata and an availability matrix.
result The framework reveals substantial distortions in return dynamics and volatility when naive temporal alignment is used.

Unified analysis of neural networks in NPIV using 2SLS and MFLD.

problem Global convergence of neural networks in NPIV.
method Lifted perspective through MFLD, penalty gradient approach for bilevel optimization.
result First global convergence result of neural networks for 2SLS in NPIV.

Estimates price elasticity from autocorrelated time series using causal graphs.

problem Inconsistent IV estimators in autocorrelated time series data.
method Model equilibrium with unobserved confounders, derive DAG, and use graphical inference for valid IV estimators.
result Valid IV estimators improve understanding of economic dynamics.

Estimates long-term effects using past experiments as instruments with many weak instruments.

problem Estimating long-term causal effects with limited short-term outcomes and many weak instruments.
method Nonparametric instrumental variable inference with many weak instruments, using past experiments as instruments.
result Automatic debiased machine learning estimators for linear functionals of the structural function and its minimum-norm projection are efficient in the many-weak-instruments regime.

The study reduces a personality measurement instrument to 10 features with minimal loss of accuracy.

problem Accurately predicting personality types with minimal predictors.
method Reduced a 94-item personality survey to 10 features, using class imbalance correction methods.
result Achieved 73.81% accuracy on unseen data with only 1% loss.

Combines IV and observational data to estimate CATEs with low compliance and unobserved confounding.

problem Estimating CATEs in personalized medicine and analytics with observational data and weak IVs.
method Two-stage framework: first learns biased CATEs from observational data, then corrects using IV data.
result Effective in estimating CATEs with low compliance and unobserved confounding.

New method avoids IV limitations for flexible estimation.

problem Nonparametric estimation of IV regressions with multiple solutions.
method Minimax penalized estimator avoiding identification and closedness conditions.
result Strong L2L_2 convergence rate without closedness condition.

New method for causal effect estimation with hidden confounders.

problem Estimating causal effects in the presence of hidden confounders.
method Singular value decomposition of a conditional expectation operator followed by saddle-point optimization.
result Our method outperforms existing methods on common benchmarks.

TSCI estimates treatment effects using machine learning and data-adaptive methods for invalid instruments.

problem Estimating treatment effects with invalid instruments.
method Two-stage algorithm: first stage uses machine learning for nonlinearities, second stage selects and projects out instrument violations.
result Effective treatment effect estimation even with invalid instruments.

Paper proposes CIV estimator for categorical instruments in small sample settings.

problem Estimation with categorical instruments in settings with few observations per category.
method CIV estimator leveraging regularization assumption for latent categorical variable.
result CIV estimator is asymptotically normal, efficient, and semiparametrically efficient under homoskedasticity.

New method uses few instruments to estimate complex causal effects.

problem Estimating causal effects with limited instruments in high-dimensional settings.
method Sequentially selects and combines instruments to estimate the treatment effect.
result Can reliably recover the treatment effect's projection onto the instrumented subspace.

DFIV uses deep neural nets to learn nonlinear features in IV regression.

problem Learning causal relationships from observational data with nonlinear interactions.
method DFIV trains deep neural nets to define nonlinear features on instruments and treatments, alternating training to compose stages 1 and 2.
result DFIV outperforms state-of-the-art methods on IV benchmarks and off-policy policy evaluation.