NICE model estimates causal effects for image treatments.
problem Challenges in causal effect estimation for multi-dimensional treatments.
method Proposes NICE model for image treatments, incorporating rich multidimensional information.
result NICE significantly outperforms existing models in estimating causal effects for image treatments.
Noninvasive MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatments are promising alternatives to the surgical removal of malignant tumors. A significant challenge is assessing the viability of treated tissue during and immediately after MRgFUS procedures. Current clinical assessment uses the nonperfused volume (NPV) biomarke…
Aim: To review how machine learning (ML) is applied to imaging biomarkers in neuro-oncology, in particular for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring. Materials and Methods: The PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for articles published before September 2018 using relevant search terms. The sear…
Profiling cellular phenotypes from microscopic imaging can provide meaningful biological information resulting from various factors affecting the cells. One motivating application is drug development: morphological cell features can be captured from images, from which similarities between different drug compounds appli…
Estimates CATEs for structured treatments using a new decomposition method.
problem Estimating conditional average treatment effects for complex data types.
method Generalized Robinson decomposition, isolating causal estimand, arbitrary model plugging, quasi-oracle convergence guarantee.
result Demonstrates superior performance in CATE estimation compared to prior work.
The application of deep learning to build accurate predictive models from functional neuroimaging data is often hindered by limited dataset sizes. Though data augmentation can help mitigate such training obstacles, most data augmentation methods have been developed for natural images as in computer vision tasks such as…
Accurate MR-to-CT synthesis is a requirement for MR-only workflows in radiotherapy (RT) treatment planning. In recent years, deep learning-based approaches have shown impressive results in this field. However, to prevent downstream errors in RT treatment planning, it is important that deep learning models are only appl…
This paper addresses privacy in federated learning for medical imaging by estimating model uncertainty.
problem Privacy concerns in federated learning for medical imaging.
method Federated Learning (FL) for collaborative model training while preserving patient data privacy.
result Accurate uncertainty estimation in federated learning for medical imaging.
New measure captures differences across entire distributions of counterfactual outcomes.
problem Capturing differences across entire distributions of counterfactual outcomes.
method Entropic optimal transport measure, statistical functional, smooth transformation of embeddings.
result Established first-order and second-order pathwise differentiability.
DFIV uses deep neural nets to learn nonlinear features in IV regression.
problem Learning causal relationships from observational data with nonlinear interactions.
method DFIV trains deep neural nets to define nonlinear features on instruments and treatments, alternating training to compose stages 1 and 2.
result DFIV outperforms state-of-the-art methods on IV benchmarks and off-policy policy evaluation.
Proposes DR-ME test for interpretable distributional treatment effects.
problem Detects invisible differences in treatment effects on distributional outcomes.
method Semiparametrically efficient finite-location test using kernel witnesses and orthogonal features.
result DR-ME reveals causal-discrepancy coordinates and has noncentral chi-square local power.
Satellite imagery helps adjust for unobserved confounders in observational studies.
problem Adjusting for confounding factors in observational studies with non-tabular data like satellite imagery.
method Formalizing conditions for causal effect identification, estimation, and sensitivity analysis.
result Demonstrated the use of satellite imagery as a proxy for unobserved confounders in anti-poverty aid programs.
Deep learning aids causal inference in complex settings.
problem Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects in non-linear, time-varying, and encoded confounders.
method Intuitive introduction to deep learning and causal inference, focusing on observational data.
result Maximizes accessibility to causal inference through deep learning.
Matched Machine Learning combines machine learning and matching for causal inference.
problem Non-interpretable methods for causal inference.
method Combines machine learning and matching for interpretable causal inference.
result Performs as well as black-box machine learning methods and better than existing matching methods.
A review of contrastive dimension reduction methods for treatment vs control studies.
problem Traditional dimension reduction techniques fail to isolate treatment-specific signals.
method Systematic overview and taxonomy of CDR methods.
result Unified framework for CDR methods and applications.
Differentially private GANs improve image privacy without significant quality loss.
problem Anonymizing image data sets while maintaining image quality.
method Training GANs with differential privacy on MNIST, analyzing privacy-utility trade-offs and explaining optimization methods.
result An increasing privacy budget adds little to generated image quality, revealing a saturated training regime.
Paper extends causal inference to non-Euclidean data like images and distributions.
problem Causal inference for non-Euclidean data like images and distributions.
method Hilbert space embeddings, Fréchet mean estimation, nonparametric doubly-debiased causal inference.
result Validated approach for causal inference with continuous treatments on non-Euclidean data.
DFPV improves PCL for confounded bandit policy evaluation.
problem Estimating causal effects in confounded settings with high-dimensional data.
method Deep feature proxy variable method (DFPV) for high-dimensional, nonlinear relationships.
result DFPV outperforms state-of-the-art methods on synthetic benchmarks and confounded bandit problems.
Deep learning improves MRI analysis of MSK disorders.
problem Accurate and rapid analysis of musculoskeletal disorders from MRI scans.
method Convolutional neural networks (CNN) for automatic classification of knee abnormalities.
result Multi-view deep learning showed promising performance in classifying MSK abnormalities.
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely and successfully used for medical image segmentation. However, CNNs are typically considered to require large numbers of dedicated expert-segmented training volumes, which may be limiting in practice. This work investigates whether clinically obtained segmentations …
Accurate identification and localization of abnormalities from radiology images play an integral part in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. Building a highly accurate prediction model for these tasks usually requires a large number of images manually annotated with labels and finding sites of abnormalities. In …
Navigated 2D multi-slice dynamic Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging enables high contrast 4D MR imaging during free breathing and provides in-vivo observations for treatment planning and guidance. Navigator slices are vital for retrospective stacking of 2D data slices in this method. However, they also prolong the acquisi…
Proposes neural network for causal inference with multimodal data.
problem Estimating causal effects with text and image data as confounders.
method Double machine learning framework adapted to partially linear models, semi-synthetic dataset generation.
result Improved performance in causal effect estimation with multimodal data.
Bayesian CNN estimates uncertainty in COVID-19 detection.
problem Uncertainty in deep learning predictions for medical diagnosis.
method Drop-weight based Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks (BCNN).
result Uncertainty correlates with prediction accuracy.
Deep learning has shown remarkable results for image analysis and is expected to aid individual treatment decisions in health care. To achieve this, deep learning methods need to be promoted from the level of mere associations to being able to answer causal questions. We present a scenario with real-world medical image…
Machine Learning (ML) is proving extremely beneficial in many healthcare applications. In pediatric oncology, retrospective studies that investigate the relationship between treatment and late adverse effects still rely on simple heuristics. To assess the effects of radiation therapy, treatment plans are typically simu…
Improved graph-based multiclass classification for multilayer data.
problem Efficient classification of multilayer data with limited labeled examples.
method Generalized diffuse interface methods applied to multilayer graphs, using spectral decomposition and fast matrix-vector products.
result Highly scalable and efficient classification for large, high-dimensional data sets.
This survey analyzes deep learning methods for real-time semantic image segmentation.
problem Efficient and accurate semantic image segmentation for real-time applications.
method Comprehensive analysis of deep learning architectures and techniques for fast inference.
result Best-performing architectures and techniques for real-time semantic image segmentation.
Brain imaging analysis on clinically acquired computed tomography (CT) is essential for the diagnosis, risk prediction of progression, and treatment of the structural phenotypes of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, in real clinical imaging scenarios, entire body CT images (e.g., neck, abdomen, chest, pelvis) are t…
This paper derives radial fields on manifolds of symmetric positive definite matrices.
problem Lack of an expression for radial fields on manifolds of symmetric positive definite matrices.
method Derives an expression for radial fields on manifolds of symmetric positive definite matrices.
result Derives an expression for radial fields on manifolds of symmetric positive definite matrices.
Study uses image analysis to predict MSI status in tumors.
problem Challenges in distinguishing MSI from its counterpart.
method Interpretable pathological image analysis strategies using Haematoxylin and eosin-stained images.
result Strategies achieve decent performance in MSI prediction.
Novel fusion network combines polarization and radiomics features for liver cancer classification.
problem Challenges in histopathological diagnosis of HCC and ICC.
method Two-tier fusion approach: feature-level and classification-level.
result Significantly enhances classification accuracy, even at reduced resolutions.
Light pillars over rippled water appear parallel due to projection geometry.
problem Light pillars over rippled water appear parallel.
method Developing a geometric optics model
result The phenomenon is explained using the specular reflection rule, projection geometry, and physics of surface slopes.
Characterization of lung nodules as benign or malignant is one of the most important tasks in lung cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment planning. While the variation in the appearance of the nodules remains large, there is a need for a fast and robust computer aided system. In this work, we propose an end-to-end tra…
We consider relative normalizations of ruled surfaces with non-vanishing Gaussian curvature K in the Euclidean space R3, which are characterized by the support functions (α)q=∣K∣α for α∈R (Manhart's relative normalizations). All ruled surfaces for…
GraphITE estimates individual effects of graph-structured treatments.
problem Estimating individual effects of complex treatment structures.
method Graph neural networks and Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion regularization.
result GraphITE outperforms baselines in estimating treatment effects for large numbers of treatments.
M3E2 neural network estimates multiple treatment effects.
problem Estimating effects of multiple treatments simultaneously.
method Multi-task learning neural network model for multiple treatments, continuous and binary.
result M3E2 outperforms baselines in synthetic datasets.
Framework generates realistic crop images for growth modeling.
problem Modeling crop growth over time with precision and detail.
method Two-stage framework: image prediction and growth estimation models.
result Framework accurately predicts crop images with varying conditions.
Due to advances in sensors, growing large and complex medical image data have the ability to visualize the pathological change in the cellular or even the molecular level or anatomical changes in tissues and organs. As a consequence, the medical images have the potential to enhance diagnosis of disease, prediction of c…
Every year thousands of patients are diagnosed with a glioma, a type of malignant brain tumor. Physicians use MR images as a key tool in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Neural networks show great potential to aid physicians in the medical image analysis. This study investigates the use of varying amounts…
Proposes a new method to estimate continuous treatment policies and match treatments effectively.
problem Current methods struggle with continuous treatment policies and complex matching.
method Formulates treatment effectiveness as a parametrizable model, using deep learning for optimization.
result Significant improvement in treatment effectiveness and matching efficiency.
For effective treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD), it is important to identify subjects who are most likely to exhibit rapid cognitive decline. Herein, we developed a novel framework based on a deep convolutional neural network which can predict future cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients using…
There are classification tasks that take as inputs groups of images rather than single images. In order to address such situations, we introduce a nested multi-instance deep network. The approach is generic in that it is applicable to general data instances, not just images. The network has several convolutional neural…
A new method uses Gaussian Processes for feature-based nonrigid image registration.
problem Estimating dense displacement fields for nonrigid image registration.
method Using Gaussian Processes to estimate both dense displacement field and uncertainty map.
result GP-based interpolation performs similarly to state-of-the-art B-spline interpolation.
A new probabilistic approach improves deep metric learning by considering image uncertainties and class-specific variances.
problem Proxy-based deep metric learning struggles with image uncertainties and class-specific structures.
method Introduces non-isotropic probabilistic proxy-based deep metric learning using directional von Mises-Fisher distributions.
result Improves generalization performance and competitive on standard benchmarks.
Framework generates personalized insulin treatment strategies using deep models.
problem Developing optimal personalized treatment strategies for diabetes patients.
method Combines deep generative time series models with decision theory.
result Demonstrated improved personalized insulin treatment strategies for diabetes patients.
Develops deep jump learning for continuous treatment OPE.
problem Estimating mean outcomes under new treatment rules using historical data from different rules.
method Adaptive deep discretization of continuous treatment space using deep learning and multi-scale change point detection.
result Validated method through theoretical results, simulations, and real application to Warfarin Dosing.
Paper proposes PCA-GMM for efficient superresolution of material images.
problem Efficiently handling large and high-dimensional data sets.
method PCA-GMM combining Gaussian Mixture Model and PCA for dimensionality reduction.
result PCA-GMM improves superresolution of material images with moderate dimensionality reduction.