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arXiv research

A locally-built, LLM-digested index of recent arXiv papers in quant finance, geometry/topology, and statistical ML — keyword search served straight from SQLite on this machine.

168,657 papers · 148 categories

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48 results for Observational studies

Causal Interaction Trees identify treatment subgroup effects in observational data.

problem Identifying subgroups with enhanced treatment effects in observational studies.
method Extending Classification and Regression Trees with subgroup-specific treatment effect estimators.
result The proposed algorithms enhance treatment effect heterogeneity in subgroups.

Confounding biases recommender systems, even when data seems fully observed.

problem Unmeasured features influencing both treatment and outcome in recommender systems.
method Illustrations and simulation studies showing how common practices introduce confounding.
result Standard recommender system practices can introduce confounding, reducing performance.

Causal graph aids observational study insights in aSAH patients.

problem Lack of clear objectives and tools for identifying necessary adjustments in observational studies.
method Uses causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to provide insights mid-study and identify necessary data enhancements.
result Midway insights and necessary data enhancements identified for meaningful causal questions.

PAMA learns covariate importance for better matching in observational studies.

problem Poor performance of conventional matching methods when covariates differ in relevance.
method PAMA is a semi-supervised framework that learns covariate importance from paired data and optimizes a weighted quadratic score.
result PAMA outperforms standard methods, particularly in high-dimensional settings and under model misspecification.

Novel approach to compute hazard ratios from observational studies using SCMs and backdoor adjustment.

problem Identifying causal relationships from observational data using hazard ratios.
method Backdoor adjustment through structural causal models (SCMs) and do-calculus.
result Novel approach for computing hazard ratios from observational studies.

The `observer space' of a Lorentzian spacetime is the space of future-timelike unit tangent vectors. Using Cartan geometry, we first study the structure a given spacetime induces on its observer space, then use this to define abstract observer space geometries for which no underlying spacetime is assumed. We propose ta…

2012-09-28abs ↗pdf ↗

Theoretical limits show experimental data can falsify but not validate causal estimates from observational studies.

problem Fundamental limits on validating causal estimates using experimental data in observational studies.
method Impossible inference framework, Gaussian Process based approach.
result Experimental data can falsify but not validate causal estimates from observational studies.

Algorithm detects unmeasured confounding in observational data.

problem Estimating treatment effects in observational studies with untestable conditions.
method Two-stage procedure that detects dependencies between causal mechanisms.
result Algorithm efficiently detects confounding on simulated and semi-synthetic data.

Study uses surrogate data to improve treatment effect estimation with scarce outcome data.

problem Limited outcome data hinders estimating treatment effects.
method Uses abundant surrogate data to estimate treatment effects without stringent assumptions.
result Improves precision of treatment effect estimation.

Study optimal policy regret in partially observable Markov games with adaptive opponents.

problem Optimal sequential decision-making in partially observable environments against strategic, adaptive opponents.
method An epoch-based optimistic maximum-likelihood algorithm that selects one policy per epoch using confidence sets built cumulatively from past data.
result Achieves ildeO(T) ilde{O}(\sqrt{T}) policy regret for fixed problem parameters, with explicit dependence on horizon, adversary memory, confidence radius, and aggregate Eluder dimension.

Efficient RL in partially observable risk-sensitive environments with hindsight observations.

problem Risk-sensitive reinforcement learning in partially observable environments.
method Integrates hindsight observations into POMDP framework, develops novel RL algorithm.
result Achieves polynomial regret with provable efficiency, outperforming existing methods.

Satellite imagery helps adjust for unobserved confounders in observational studies.

problem Adjusting for confounding factors in observational studies with non-tabular data like satellite imagery.
method Formalizing conditions for causal effect identification, estimation, and sensitivity analysis.
result Demonstrated the use of satellite imagery as a proxy for unobserved confounders in anti-poverty aid programs.

Study efficient reinforcement learning for partially observed systems with linear structure.

problem Efficient reinforcement learning for partially observed Markov decision processes with linear structure.
method Proposes OP-TENET algorithm using a Bellman operator with finite memory, adversarial integral equation, and optimistic exploration.
result Achieves ε-optimal policy within O(1/ε^2) episodes with polynomial sample complexity in intrinsic dimension.

Framework assesses treatment effects by risk groups in observational studies.

problem Evaluating treatment effects in observational studies with risk stratification.
method Five-step framework for risk-based assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity.
result Low-risk patients received negligible absolute benefits, while high-risk patients had pronounced effects.

Study evaluates machine learning for predicting treatment effects in observational studies.

problem Challenges in measuring treatment effects due to confounding bias in observational studies.
method Simulated two scenarios with and without confounding, using linear and non-linear relationships. Used machine learning models (linear regression, lasso regression, random forest) to predict counterfactuals and treatment effects.
result Machine learning models perform well under linearity but poorly under non-linearity, even in the presence of confounding.

Combines observational and randomized data to estimate treatment effects.

problem Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using only observational data is biased.
method Two-step framework: learn shared structure from observational data, then data-specific structures from randomized data.
result Combining observational and randomized data improves treatment effect estimation.

Paper studies zero-sum games with noisy observations and identifies equilibrium conditions.

problem Zero-sum games with noisy observations of the leader's actions.
method Analyzes the equilibrium of games with noisy action observability, identifies necessary conditions for uniqueness, and investigates the cardinality of best responses.
result The noisy observations significantly impact the cardinality of the follower's set of best responses, and under certain conditions, this set becomes a singleton almost surely.

We study the problem of learning influence functions under incomplete observations of node activations. Incomplete observations are a major concern as most (online and real-world) social networks are not fully observable. We establish both proper and improper PAC learnability of influence functions under randomly missi…

2016-11-07abs ↗pdf ↗

New methods for handling confounding in observational studies.

problem Handling confounding variables in observational studies.
method Generalized coarsened procedures for clustering confounding variables, followed by estimation of treatment effects and variance.
result Developed a general asymptotic framework for the average causal effect estimator and variance formulae.

A new algorithm CAP learns optimal policies from observational data with confounding bias and missing observations.

problem Offline contextual bandit with confounding bias and missing observations.
method CAP policy learning, forming reward function as solution of integral equation system, building confidence set, and greedily taking action with pessimism.
result Developed an upper bound to the suboptimality of CAP for the offline contextual bandit problem.

Debiased learners estimate heterogeneous treatment effects in observational studies.

problem Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects in observational studies with unmeasured confounders.
method Debiased Front-Door (FD) learners, FD-DR-Learner and FD-R-Learner, under specific assumptions.
result Debiased learners satisfy error bounds and stage-error decompositions, delivering reliable HTE estimates.

Thompson Sampling improves decision-making in partially observed contexts.

problem Balancing exploration and exploitation in partially observed contextual bandits.
method Thompson Sampling policy for learning optimal arms from noisy linear functions of unobserved context vectors.
result Thompson Sampling achieves poly-logarithmic regret and square-root consistency of parameter estimation.

Detect hidden confounding in observational data using multiple environments.

problem Detect hidden confounding in observational data.
method Theoretical framework and simulation studies to test for hidden confounding.
result The proposed procedure correctly predicts hidden confounding, especially when bias is large.

New framework for estimating treatment effects in observational studies.

problem Estimating average treatment effects in the presence of unobserved confounders.
method Distributionally robust optimization, sensitivity models.
result Sharp bounds on average treatment effects under distributional assumptions.

Study of 2imes22 imes 2 zero-sum games with noisy observations and commitments.

problem Analyzing 2imes22 imes 2 zero-sum games with noisy observations and commitments.
method Modeling a 2imes22 imes 2 zero-sum game with a leader committing to a strategy and a follower observing a noisy version of the leader's action.
result Observing the leader's action is either beneficial or immaterial for the follower, and the equilibrium payoff is bounded.

Efficient method for constrained optimization under partial observations with provable convergence.

problem Optimizing under partial and constrained data.
method Improved acquisition functions and Gaussian process embedding for partially observable constraints.
result Empirically validated method outperforms traditional approaches.

The paper proposes a method to precisely decompose confounders and estimate treatment effects.

problem Estimating treatment effects from observational data with confounder identification and balancing.
method Learning decomposed representations to identify and balance confounders and non-confounders.
result The method achieves more precise treatment effect estimation than existing methods.

New model captures state-dependent variability in partially observed systems.

problem Structured stochasticity not captured by constant-variance models.
method State-coupled stochastic volatility framework with particle expectation-maximization.
result Model consistently reduces recovery bias under partial observation.

Paper tackles survival data analysis with positive and unlabeled observations.

problem Traditional survival analysis yields biased results with positive-unlabeled data.
method Developed parametric, nonparametric, and machine learning models for positive and unlabeled survival data.
result Proposed estimation method provides valid results for positive-unlabeled survival data.

We characterize value functions in partially observable MDPs as semi-algebraic sets.

problem Understanding feasible value functions in partially observable Markov decision processes.
method Characterization of feasible value functions as semi-algebraic sets defined by polynomial inequalities.
result The feasible set of value functions in POMDPs is a semi-algebraic set, not a polytope as in MDPs.

New method estimates hazard ratios without bias in observational studies.

problem Uninterpretable hazard ratios due to unspecified baseline hazard.
method Kernel-based machine learning to model risk set changes.
result Debiased maximum-likelihood estimators identify true hazard ratios.

We study the regular conditional law of mixed Gaussian Volterra processes under the influence of model disturbances. More precisely, we study prediction of Gaussian Volterra processes driven by a Brownian motion in a case where the Brownian motion is not observable, but only a noisy version is observed. As an applicati…

2019-04-22abs ↗pdf ↗